Turkish Agricultural Economics

Turkish Agricultural Economics written by Anıl Sural in Italy, Trieste for Agricultural Eonomics Class.
Review for Proffessor Cosmina who is member of University of Trieste.

Today, nearly 1/3  rd of the population live in agricultural or rural areas. Agriculture’s place in the national income is only at the 8 – 10 % percent level.  In developed countries this situation is much more different, the population’s 3 – 5 %  percent part works in agriculture. During the process of The European Union membership, agriculture and industry’s political policies need to be applied in harmony and in Turkey, agriculture’s problems can be solved with only excessive accumulation and investment. The disintegration seen in the agricultural sector, causes unqualified labor force to head towards cities and especially western cities and this process accelerates social problems as well as the unemployment rate.  

Agriculture is one of the basic sectors Turkish economy. Although the contribution of exports in terms  added value and employment. The labor force and provides are living for the population of our country occupies an important position in terms of volume. Agricultural policies implemented in Turkey, it has been widely discussed over the past decade. "Economic denounces the traditional agricultural policies and political events that are open to abuse is no longer lost" jurisdiction, creating a common denominator of the discussions, recommendations for new policies are different.

Agricultural policies, it creates one of the most important constraints that appear in front of policy makers in the public finance deficit. On the other hand, and largely dominated by political concerns of the 1990s turned into duty losses of agricultural support programs fostering public financing deficits.
However, without financial constraints, a common and continuous government support to the agricultural sector of the market mechanism insensitive, competitive conditions and prevent the formation of agricultural holdings should be noted that an effective and powerful. Outward-oriented growth strategy since the early 1980s in Turkey, creating the international policies and developments in agricultural policies can not be considered to remain indifferent. In a world that has the economic globalization process, these developments, as required to be reckoned with at every stage becomes a constraint.

Related to the agricultural sector as the most important development in recent years in the world, which comes into effect in 1995. The World Trade Organization (WTO) "Agriculture Agreement" . This agreement is also important for Turkey, agricultural policies and support for government intervention in agricultural production are minimized as possible and has adopted as a general trend of change in the release of the orientation of the market mechanism. On the other hand, the European Union (EU) implemented in 1996 within the framework of full membership in the Customs Union (GB) Agreement to cover agricultural products, the Turkish agricultural policies, "the Common Agricultural Policy" (CAP) is consistent with. CAP’s compliance, in fact, the WTO, "Agriculture Agreement" with the policy changes to raise the same direction. These two constraints in most developing countries like Turkey, which appeared outside the external constraint in the other, establishing a framework for agricultural liberalization in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the structural adjustment programs signed.


Economic size of agricultural production in Turkey

4 million to 18 million hectares of farm land is in crop production. This is the number of farms in three million to 12 million hectares of meadows and pasture at the same time 15 million cattle, 60 million small ruminants feeds. 92 percent of the producers are very small producers, they have an average total of 65 acres of agricultural land in parts 2-6. Small businesses all over the classical method and yield of 14 million hectares of land has low agricultural operations.

The number of medium-sized agricultural holdings is 680 thousand units, the sum of their average 500-100 acres of agricultural land in parts 2-3 / acre varies. 2.1 million hectares, is operated on the part of modern agriculture.  Up to 40 thousand is a large number of holdings of 2.2 million hectares of land is on the efficient management of a farm.
U.S. and EU agricultural producers of the country, 2.5 times the size of the land to produce agricultural products, animal feeds, and Turkey to more than twice the presence of animals.

Exports of Turkish Agricultural Products

Mainly exported to Turkey markets, the appropriate species / breeds does not make production. Countries' agricultural export markets, the basic measure of a leader "by producing more than 20 percent of the population need to export the product that they caught the target.
Measure of exports  agricultural products produced in the standard one-fifth of the quantity and quality is protected.
2 percent of the cereal crop is exported to Turkey. Market instead of being prescriptive, law-abiding country. Average of 50 countries that export fruit and vegetables in 60 countries, the focal point of the problem for Turkey, product quality and less quantity ratio.

Use of the soils in Turkey according to the intended use of the territory of our country is divided as follows:

Cultivated land is planted area: 174,480,000 acres
Fallow land: 36,551,000 acres
Forestry: 192,376,000 acres
Bearing: 113,403,000 acres
Grassland: an unused area of ​​123,776,000 acres: 662,195,000 acres.

Surface area of ​​cultivated land by Region Plantation area Rates:

1. Marmara Region: 30%
2. Central Anatolia Region: 27%
3. Aegean Region: 24%
4. South Eastern Anatolia Region: 20%
5. Mediterranean Region: 18%
6. Black Sea Region: 16%
7. Eastern Anatolia Region: 10%


Overview of Agriculture Sector in Turkey

Turkey, its geographical location, climate, facilities, mostly young, on the 70 million population, increasing purchasing power and expanding domestic market due to a very advantageous position compared to many countries.

Local Benefits

- Geographically, the most suitable climate, a country with enough natural resources.
- Increasing population and buying power with the capacity to support the agricultural sector.

Foreign Market Advantage

- European countries are having problems of climate.
- Middle East and North Africa, climate and available water problem.
- Russia and the Turkic Republics in agriculture due to climate problems are just in need of foreign purchase.
- Increasing the purchasing power of oil every day throughout this country have.
- Especially in the emerging manufacturing technologies and the advantages of the climate of our country in many agricultural products year-round to produce the specific standards and has the potential to marketing these products.


Advantages of the product

- Overseas demand for economic production of many products that can be done in our country.
- Turkey is located in the world in the production of agricultural products grown a lot.

Impact of Economy  Agriculture in Turkey

Agricultural exports surpassed U.S. $ 15 billion at the end of 2010, but there is still a very big potential.

- The population is 1 / 3 of the third agricultural activities provide livelihood.
- One out of every 4 Employees working in agriculture.
- Agricultural production has exceeded the annual 62 billion dollars.
- The majority of uses of agricultural materials as raw materials in industrial plants in Turkey. This situation is of great importance in the development of the industry.
- Agricultural exports in total exports with 15 billion dollars has a significant share of 13.2%. Exports, nuts, citrus, cotton, tobacco, oil crops, olive and agricultural products like tea occupies an important place.


The future of agriculture in Turkey

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, agricultural production, $ 150 billion in 2023, provides for exports would be 30 billion dollars.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs last 5 years, significant amounts of agricultural production increased, the agricultural production in 2002 of $ 23.7 billion by the year 2010 reached $ 62 billion announced. The Ministry is managing the development process on behalf of the plan concentrates on the control and recording systems. Easy integration of these systems are common uses of the technology production sectors. In other words, instead of the traditional methods of agricultural production, focuses on high-capacity models of agricultural production.

In these circumstances, and under cover of Dairy Cattle farming practices that will gain importance in the adaptation capability in the future. Both domestic production and exports of both agricultural activity will be a major force in increasing our share.

All of these applications and the development process will be an important criterion business size. Because of the high cost of these investments will bring. Capital structure of the available capacity of non-small businesses that are inevitable in the long term, non-system will inevitably fail to fulfill the conditions. As a result, agricultural, educated, informed, investors who take care of the economies of scale will be needed.

Target 2023 to 150 billion US Dollar of agricultural production!

- Quality standards will be important in agriculture and food security. For this reason, the capacity and quality will increase the number of businesses declined.
- Products able to compete in foreign markets will increase with the planned arrangements. Will be important, especially fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Organized livestock zones will be established.
- Contract production and organic agriculture will come to the fore.
- Research & Development ( R & D ) investments will increase its support of the State.
- The majority of investors in high-tech agricultural activities will be managed.

Turkish Airlines Shall Buy the Czech Airlines

Turkish Airlines are one of the most important corporation from Turkey. And last years their target is upper degree and for this they spend so many effort. Advertisements have started all over the world and they use very famous person. Otherwise customer satisfaction is going to be more quality because they want customer all over the world. And they are doing their job very well and in 5 years Turkish Airlines will be very famous and preferable.

Since 2008, many airline companies to find partners for its own name for the Turkish Airlines, Czech Airlines is interested in has been suggested. Airport in Prague, Czech media reported that THY will help to make Europe a center with an investor who is interested in Czech Arlines.

Emirates Also Want

The report, except for Etihad Airlines, Qatar Airways and Emirates also stated that the company is interested, the deal can be done in the second half of the year were recorded. Over the news yesterday, the Public Disclosure Platform (PDP) makes a statement, TK, "Czech Airlines is currently taken in the direction of the partnership but not a board decision, as explained earlier within the framework of our partnership growth strategy, to seize the opportunities that may occur is open to the public "I look exactly the door showed that it is not closed. With a fleet of 31 aircraft serving Europe, founded in 1923, Czech Airlines, which is one of the oldest airline companies in 48 countries, 135 flies to the point. Prague, the Czech national airline company based in Istanbul-Prague flights is mutual.

Other Airline Company Want Turkish Airlines

The purchase of a single foreign company at the end of 2008, who bought the shares of 49 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina Airlines THY until now commemorated with many airline company name. In 2008, the Austrian airline company's supervisory board of Austrian Airlines THY, including among them the evaluation of a list of four possible from the receiver.
Founded in 1929, LOT Polish Airlines, Poland's leading airline companies, wants to buy a transtibial amputation. In 2010, the company also based in Spain with Span Air to purchase up to 49 percent where the written interviews. Last Year, Turkish Airlines have started contact for Serbia' national airline.

3rd Airport of Istanbul will have 100 milllion passengers

State Airports Authority (State Airports Authority), the General Manager Orhan Birdal, in Turkey the number of passengers increased by 14.4 per cent in 2011 over the previous year to 118 million 425 thousand, increased by specifying the''total passenger traffic down to shield the first Ataturk Airport, from Antalya Airport, Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen International Airport was the third,''he said Birdal, State Airports Authority Social Facilities at a press conference chat, 2011 the year of 2012 by evaluating the given information about the investment plans. State Airports Authority General Manager Orhan Birdal, Istanbul, 3 Turkey is a subject on the agenda of the airport and not done a posting about it directly, but the preparations made ​​by various organizations reported that the front. Birdal, "3rd Istanbul airport will be the beginning of a new airport with a capacity of 100 million. Plan in size, 100 million will begin to grow up to fit into a structure that will allow. Work is being done about it," he said.

Marketing Effects on Customer Satisfaction

Profit is one of the most important factor for business. If you want profit you should satisfaction customer and you should motivate worker. Okey this sentence all right in definition. But it is in paper if you want apply, it will be different. Be polite and do marketing. Financial Management survive a company because if you don’t calculate incomes and outgoings company is going down. It is main for company. The global world competitive and advertisement are determine the winner.

Two of them are going one word. I am talking about ‘’ Marketing’’. What is marketing?  Accomplish the purpose of the business and customer satisfaction which is the correct flow of goods and services from producers to consumers given the direction that business activity. Sales, distribution, advertising and product differentiation, such as direct, indirect, such as market research activities. This is also definition. Yes theory is important but it is not equal all. It is only cue and start the way. Marketing should be together with customer. Because if customer doesn’t buy your goods finance is calculate how much salary are you going to give workers? How much money spend for product? And how much is company has fixed cost? All of the questions about cost and for company doesn’t want this. General Manger or CEO hate and wind up a company. For these reason keep your customer happy. Price is one of the most important factor but is isn’t equal everything. Customer satisfaction is everything. Because if customer like your product and service your company is going up.

Marketing starts from name. Firstly don’t use worker, employee, personnel, labor etc. Because they should feel we are important and we effect the business. This is our company. Yes we can. But it should be balance. And use cast member, team member, co-worker etc. Because this is direct marketing they can know they don’t have any share on company but looks should be this. You are really important for our company if you go we cannot do very well. Beside don’t be piker about salary or wage which you give. You can spend more many but their performance shall be 2 persons power. But at the same time apply strong rule. They shouldn’t be late and lazy. Firstly employee and after this section customer is coming. Customer? Yes but use marketing they are our guest or you can say visitor. Yes in reality guest doesn’t pay money but this is marketing name. Actually they are our guest but they pay money for our service or goods. But the important point there if they don’t like our service you shouldn’t take money. Or you make difference. When they come your shop you can give gift. Beside you cannot be stingy. Give more because they like it. And they would like to come your shop again.

Making more sales going through the way to win more profitable. There is one thing to consider when trying to increase sales of: Sales of moves to increase the future sales are going to do that is to head off the waste any more sell most of our sales are actually saying.
The way to do loyal customers satisfaction and going through them. Customers shopping at the next they are very satisfied with how it is to you the possibility to choose. For this reason, customers are satisfied with how much you should review constantly.

Measurement of Satisfaction in doing more to rely on perceptual data, and customers have to say you came. Satisfaction factors for each industry sector and continuously and quickly changed the dynamics of perceptions or preconceptions of measurements made ​​is unlikely to be healthy.

How satisfied your customers come to you and saying that the information given in the decision-making to the success of the decisions you will use as a single data source contains a lot of question marks. pleased to tell you how much is because people only one is actually from within the customer groups.

Like them, dissatisfaction about the people who come to you, you cannot explain nothing but the difference in satisfaction issues such as whether or not at all satisfied with the people who have come to tell you that among your customers. This case needs to demonstrate an interest in each specific customer groups.

You need to first determine who your customer is and why you did the shopping. I wonder what it pays attention to your customers when you shop? Is the price, a smiling face, fast service? They may be as many criteria when selecting which is crucial to you and your customers from sector to sector and even the importance of these criteria often differ even between the same two competitors in the industry.

After you find what you give importance to customers while working with you to wonder what we need to get to you how pleased they are on the basis of these criteria. Remember, the most important customers for the features they need to satisfy the highest level.
Finally, customers can use to explain your complaint or satisfaction of all the channels open and hold! Put complaint boxes, your meetings with them, give your phone number, please encourage them to contact you.

Customers' every criticism, suggestions, complaints of a whole new opportunity for you.
Ensure to customer satisfaction, gain loyal customers and ensure their continuity seems to be a very difficult process. To conduct research, evaluate the results of their communication channels open, to improve the existing channels, listen to the customer, etc., etc. .. Indeed, satisfied customer base hard and continuous work is required to have.

However, displaying superhuman efforts, a few important points to note about communicating with your customers is even visibly increase the level of customer satisfaction. In this article we will try to give a few tips that will please your customers.

Make regular contact with your customers

Products to your customers in certain periods, quotes, etc. give information on a subject, the new products announcements, developments in the sector with information about the Offer. In addition, customers' birthdays, anniversaries, such as companies feel more special when you are near them. Newsletters, magazines, publishing your company always try to keep the customer in mind.

Whether they are satisfied with Continuous Track

Research as well as make certain periods, customers receive a product from you to them a few days after the telephone, mail, etc., in a way that reaches their satisfaction with their problems with products and services. In short, your appreciation for them to feel more.

Know Your Customers

Always remember the first purchases after your customers, they do not have to introduce themselves. Customers who feel that your organization's special to you a more open, more generous and more will be relevant.

Thank you to your customer

And will be happy to give them small gifts to your customers and increase their commitment to you.

Be sensitive to the Customer Complaints

Take customer complaints seriously and we feel more customers. Respond to complaints as quickly as possible. If the problem as soon as possible, even nıt solve customers often tell us about it. Customers should take time to understand the problems the solution can meet, but not to give value to them at all.

Beware solution counterparts

Solution partners, your suppliers to your customers that allows you to be as sensitive. Companies engaged in the performance of the job for you, your customers will perceive you as your performance.

For Local Companies

If you are in an area that serves only a company (Etiler a restaurant or a sports club, such as Baghdad Street) existing and potential customers in your area for parties, entertainment, activities, organizations, etc., edit. That allows you to show the people of your area of interest. Only one target customer group, these applications will be valid for the companies. for example, applications should appeal to mothers for mothers serving companies.

World Financial Market Analysis - 30th December 2011

Last week of the year low volume all around the world and slowly begun risk. Weeks until the middle of going the markets for low-volume light owe on Wednesday, the balance sheet of the ECB to a record high experienced a sharp fall and negatively interpreted. Yesterday, Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) is quiet and low-volume ongoing from the United States exceed expectations "Pending Home Sales" data portrayed. And ISE-30 treatment sessions last 30 minutes of 0.5% of a loss but later it has increased by 1%. U.S. indices closed with 1 % raise. Because  the unemployment data is good and expectations for 2012. S&P500 becomes 1,263 points slightly smoothed-year performance. Asian stock markets which run on midnight it has influenced by the changing sentiment managed to break downtrend. Shanghai 1.19%, Nikkei 0.67%, while India BSE 0.60% above. Today the newly established Spanish government is going to explain economic austerity policy, German Finance Minister believes; euro zone resolve the crisis. Today there isn't important news from abroad but the most important domestic new is November balance of trade figure is going to telling us.

As news of the domestic company AKBANK General Manager Ziya Akkurt told they are going to open 60-70 branch office and announced plans to hire staff at around 1300-1600. Also in 2012, $ 1 billion, adding that only the capabilities of the energy market oriented placement. Also as expected Akkurt 2012, while waiting for 15% growth in loans, deposits, interest rates may drop said. ISCTR to PDP in a statement, the bank has no authority in Egypt GM on expansion of banking activities. GARAN, Proparco, on condition that the use of energy efficiency project financing of $ 50 million, 12-term loan agreement. Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) Chairman Hüseyin Erkan, On January 24, will take place next year, 13-14 Free Trading Platform and more then 30 offered to the public expects. Late in the night last 15 months lowest Euro/Dollar parity, Asian markets could this level of 1,294. Dolar / Turkish Lira parity record-breaing so it is 1.923 and from morning it is 1.915. Commodities sharp fall and then it recover fast. Brent, $ 108.2, Gold $ 1.561 and Silver $ 27.64 are trading.

Markets, the last day of the week throughout the course with a wavy ended the year as they did. European markets were consuming mostly. Spain will increase budget deficits next year as expected actually said. U.S. stock exchanges in the last trading day of the year there is a steady trend. Uncertainties in the markets in 2011. And new year also come suspense. In the U.S. economy is going better although the debt crisis in Europe will be affected, how much responsibility can actually important in solving the crisis in Germany. In 2011 U.S. Exchanges if you compare others markets these are performing quite high for years was one of the rare. Investable level stocks and bonds and the major central banks last week of the year the Fed used a record-level funding. European banks' liquidity needs are increasing, ECB overnight deposits pending more broke a new record yesterday. Market professionals, the Fed increasing the amount of funds actually used in Europe in the form of dollars, there is a need to interpret this. Next year, Europe's debt auctions FED is going to answer for European banks requirement dollars, in january and march, conclusions will be the Europen Union(EU) summits and growth in Asia will take place of interest concern. A stationary part of their day spent sailing ISE-30 index, sales fell hard from the second treatment sessions last half an hour. Day of the index decreased by 1.44% and it closed 61698 points. The most important news for today Center Bank of Turkey intervention in foreign currency. According to market estimates, the bank reached $ 2 billion in foreign exchange sales. Then declined to the levels of exchange rate 1.85 day of the intervention ended at 1.89. Thus the reference exchange rate value to be used in the balance sheets of the last quarter, despite the intervention was ascended, foreign exchange open position as this may reflect damage to companies around. The trade deficit to $ 7.5 billion in November. Increased exchange rate and declining domestic demand, export figures positive impact on the rate of increase slows down the increase in imports. Last week of the year, visible increase indicator so bond ended the day of the level of 11.48%.

Call center in Turkey

Companies are doing everything to please their customers. Because we are living global world. Most of the countries open economic system and if customers don’t like the your service, they will not choose you. Because in the world have got many different company and one of them better each others. Corporate should understand the customers, what and who want the demands and expectations. Effective call center management make a difference with the competition. 7 days / 24 hours you listen to customer and then you will create a solution. You can send e-mail to corporation so we are living technology century. And the corparation reply your e-mail very quickly. But your communication is virtual. In addition this communication has got ‘understand’’ problem. For this reason call center concept is effective and efficiet. People want interlocutor and solve the problem quickly.The developtment of call center industry in Turkey started in late 1996. This sector has developed very much. Call center and workers number is dramatically increase year to year.

Call center uses a multi-sector customers to please. Call centers, most in our country in wholesale, retail and financial sectors serve. Public sector follows the this branch. Government is opening the call center for 2 reason. First one is quality and good service for citizens. And second reason is the principle of social state. State wants to reduce unemployment in the east of Turkey. Telecommunications, healthcare and automotive sectors had follow suit.

Today, there are about 1.019 call centers in Turkey where approximately 50.000 people are employed. Most of the employees at a young age. Turkey call center market to grow 17% in 2011 (according to the recruitment of call center agent) and 18% in the next five-year period is expected to continue to grow. Call centers, customer service and technical support is mainly used for.

Turkey’s first call center hotel opens in Istanbul. This is very interesting although it is necessary and intelligent project. With a capacity of 700 seats, its ready-to-use technology infrastructure and a view of the Bosphorus, the Call Center Hotel is a call center complex which you can immediately start to utilize with your personnel. Systems that are necessary for a call center are already set up. All kinds of necessary technical equipment, network facilities, ready-to-use seating spaces, refreshment areas, dining hall and terrace are ready for use.

According to 2010 figures of 300 large European companies are headquartered in the call center. These companies so far in Turkey for 35 thousand people were employed. Developments in Turkey within the next three years it persists, Call Center needed 65 thousand people. International markets are increasing the importance of the services provided to customers over the phone.

United States of America and European Countries have got many important corporation. These corporation different branch. But most of  customer-focused company. For this reason they must use call center. They don’t choose in USA or in European countries. Because they don’t want lose time. Corporation want high profif and effective work. Second reason is low wages in developing countries. Call center service is the big market in the world. Developing countries want this work. India, The Philippines, South Africa was a call center for English-speaking countries. Similarly, Tunisia, French, Mexican or Spanish-speaking countries was the call center. On the other hand, these countries are far away to the center. Turkey has got important geographical position. And Turkish people have skilled work force. For these reason Turkey is the leader of the call center.

Multinational companies centers call before India grabbed. American Express, British Airways, Microsoft, answered hundreds of companies from India to clients. But the problem with Indians speak English with an accent, when Turkey began to come forward. Toshiba, Siemens Mobile, Lufthansa, Bosch PC, BW Bank, Commerzbank, IKEA, the giant company's 27 clients such as Exxon, now 'less accented' English-speaking Turks answers.

Important second language for call centers in German. Turkey is leader for German language. Many Turkish citizens know the German and our culture is near them. And Turkish people speak fluently.

In Turkey, Istanbul has got significant role on call center. But in this city population is rise and price is increase. Anatolian cities, is rising in this sector. Because cost is chepaer than Istanbul. Now, we are looking the Anatolian cities.

Let's look at call centers in the east of Turkey:
- First let's look at call centers in Erzurum.

*The Global Information Services power by Turkcell (2004)

* Finace Bank (2008)

*Ministry of Health(2010)

- Call center in Diyarbakır

* The Global Information Services power by Turkcell(2008)

- Call center in Erzincan

* AssisTT (2008)

This company provides outsourcing services for: Turkish Telecom, TTNET, Ministry of Communications, Turkish Airlines, KOSGEB, 11818, AVEA.

- Call center in Malatya

*Customer Management Center / CMC (2009)

This company provides outsourcing services for: Akbank, Başak Groupama Insurance, Finance Bank, Fortis Bank, Halk Bank, HSBC, Nokia , Samsung, Opel, Toyota, Volvo

- Call center in Bingöl

*Callpex

- Call center in Sivas

*Garanti Bank. This complex is inside the Cumhuriyet University. And university students work in this company.

- Call-center in Bitlis

*Telekom Plus(This company will be establish in 2011*)

Finally, Turkey should be further developed technology and the world leader in this sector.

We have enough potential for this reason we should use our force.