Modern and the Postmodern City

Cities exist with humans. And cities have changed since in the past. They must change. Because city should adapt to people. The most important change is industry for the city. First one is Pre Industrial city. It is features: mechanical solidarity, little or no division of labor: undifferentiated social structure, people occupy general positions.homogeneity, social bonds based on common morality,  tradition and religion as the cement of society. These are fundamentals of pre Industrial city. These process prepare the modern city.

Hereafter, modernization started and it was dramatically increase. This term naming : Industrial society or modern times. It is features: Organic solidarity, greater division of labor: differentiated social structure, specialized tasks and responsibilities, heterogeneity, the loosening of the common morality, division of labor as the source of social cohesion. Modern city established Metropolis. The metropolis has got some important responsibility and features. Characteristics of the metropolis:  Mobs, complex social networks, specialization and social differentiation, mutual interdependence and money economy.Traits of life in the Metropolis: Punctuality, calculable, exactness.

And last one is postmodern city. We are living global world. Earth is circular. All of the country have got relations with the others. Because we haven’t got one culture we are multinational.  Innovation and sustainability are main subject for people. And people live city and they do the industry. For this reason people affect the city and industry. These loop and turnover rapidly changing and the world is developing. Change never stops. That is people, city or the other. Change continues.


Important aspects of the Modern and the Postmodern city


*Modern (Fordism)

Industrial manufacturing-based economy

Production

National/ International
Mass production (Ford's)
Monotype (assembly line)
Standardization and hierarchically organized
Mass consumption
Trade unions and collective bargaining agreements(national decisions) are charged with the control and regulation


Business process
The only tasks performed by a single worker.(assembly line model)
Separation of small parts of jobs that require expertise. And dividing the work more
Vertical business organization
The degree of quality and gender differences


State
Regulatory and interfere
Collective agreements (For example; wage bargaining - income policies)
Central planning (national, regional and at the local level)


Ideology
Welfare (The state must provide its citizens)
Scientific research / evidence-based rational planning
Mass consumption


Area
Suburban city in the against (dual point of view of the city)
Planning and segregation (zoning)
Separation of housing and business activity



*Postmodern (Flexibility)

Knowledge-based economy

Production

Global, transnational
Small-scale production, full-time transactions
Flexible processes
On demand, market-oriented consumption
Total quality management (worker participation)
Contract between the individual and the workplace


Business process
Multi-faceted tasks
Flexible working hours and wage agreement
Business and the contracts and national decisions instead of individual contracts.
Horizontal business organization
Central-peripheral workers as the new division


State
Transient model of the actions of state regulatory powers to non-slip model
Neo - liberal - privatization
Competition


Ideology
Individualism
Entrepreneurship
Competition
Individual ''life style'' consumption and exhibition


Area
Dualism became uncertainty - urbanization of suburbs, revaluation of the inner parts of the city.
Edge / regional centers / the development of hypermarkets

The State

State exists for public. Because human is the reason of the state. People elect government.

And government should do good things for all people. Each state must work for their citizen.

Every human is important, and each of them has different life style and preference.

In addition all citizens should be respectful to others. People should understand and respect others views.

All States have to accept Human Right Declarations. Because human rights are fundamental rights and that’s constitute fundamental liberty. All humans born free and they have equal right.

For Example if you were born in Canada or in Congo this is not important. Country is different but you are human. Because of  this reason you have to be same right with each other.   

Politics ask this question: ‘’who should govern the public?’’ 

People have different views because of that conflict happen. This is the main point of politics.

State should treat citizen equal.Citizens should have equal rights.Democracy is the best regime for a government. But only democracy isn’t enough. It must be combined with Republic. Democracy used in Antique Greece times and it is original name is : ‘’ Demoskratos’’. Demos: Public, Kratos:  Govern. Citizens should decide their own fates.

They have one right to vote in every election. Election is the first and fundamental step for democracy. But it should be free and objective. And political party number should more than one. Two or more parties participate in election. If one political party participate the election, it won’t be democratic. We can name this as; totalitarian regime. And elections have to repeat each 4 or 5 years. Majorities determines the election result but government should be protecting minority right. Because democracy regime protects all of the views and ideas.

Now, we are using representative democracy. Because world’s population is dramatically increase from year to year. All citizens have one right and majority determine conclusion.

Antique Greece; people used direct democracy. Many years ago, population was few and some of the people had right of vote. They came together and about decided the entire subject.  

Woman, slaves and foreign people didn’t have right to vote. Only free Greece citizens had the vote right.

Law always supreme if we compare with government. Law must be the most high in democratic regimes. Because in every democratic regime there are judicial reviews. Law is objective and reliable.

State should not support any ideology. That means government has to be neutral. All of the citizens should have same right, they have to be equal. If government supports ideology, it will be unequal and there will be chaos. Ideology is for humans not for governments.

Discrimination isn’t democratic neither people nor government.