History of Turkey's European Union Membership Process

* 1959
Turkey , at July of 31st, 1959 to European Economic Community (EEC) filed for a partnership.

* 1963
Perspective of full membership in the Customs Union and the European Economic Community, the Ankara Agreement (Partnership Agreement) and I. Financial Protocol was signed.

* 1970
Additional Protocol(Annexed protocol) and II. Financial Protocol signed in Brussels.

* 1973
Explaining how to set up the Customs Union’s ‘’ Additional Protocol ‘’ entered into force.

* 1980
Following the September 12nd military coup stop relations between Turkey and the European Economic Community (EEC).

* 1987
Turkey, on April 14, has made application for full membership of the European Economic Community (EEC).

* 1996
Between Turkey and the The European Union (EU) "Customs Union" came into force as of January 1st.

* 1997
Grant candidate status to Turkey at the Luxembourg summit of The European Union (EU) leaders in December. Political relations were stopped by Turkey.

* 1998
The European Commission published a progress first report on Turkey.

* 1999
Council of Europe, the Helsinki Summit in December, gave the status of candidate country for EU membership to Turkey.

* 2001
European Council on March of 8th that the road map for Turkey's The European Union (EU) accession process The European Union (EU) - Turkey Accession Partnership Document was adopted.

* 2004
On December 17th of the Council of the European Union, took the decision to start membership negotiations with Turkey.

* 2005
On October 3rd , Turkey's The European Union (EU) accession negotiations  and Screening Process began officially. Negotiation Framework Document was adopted.

* 2006
The European Union (EU)  have blocked Turkey talks with 8 titles. Because Turkey didn't  implement Customs Union  to new member Cyprus.

* 2007
Referendum on the constitutional obligation to provide input on the for new The European Union (EU) members. And France, who has made the five - tuple associated with full membership negotiation was blocked.

* 2010
From June 2010, Turkey has 35 title and 13 of them have started negotiations and 1 of them are temporarily stopped.


Negotiation Process


* 2005
The first phase of the negotiation process started on 3 October 2005 be referred to as the screening process, on 20 October 2005 "Science and Research" chapter of started, 11-13 October 2006, "Judiciary and Fundamental Rights" chapter in the bilateral screening meeting has ended.

* 2006
During the screening process as a continuation of the Austrian EU Presidency on 12 June 2006 "Science and Research" chapter of negotiations have been opened and provisionally closed the same day.

In December 2006 the EU by 8 topics ("Free Movement of Goods", "Right of establishment and freedom to provide services", "Agriculture and Rural Development", "Customs Union", "Foreign Affairs", "fishing", "Financial Services", "Transportation ") of their obligations under the Customs Union has been suspended due to failure to follow against South Cyprus. The other decision that the European Council in December 2006 that Turkey open its ports and airports in South Cyprus, the issue of a temporary shutdown criterion is that all the titles.

* 2007
During the first half of the Germany presidency of the Year "Enterprise and Industrial Policy" and "Statistics" and "Financial Control" opened negotiations with headings.

During the Portuguese presidency in the second half of 2007 "Trans-European Networks", "Consumer and Health Protection" was opened for negotiation topics.

Within this year, "Economic and Monetary Policy", "Agriculture and Rural Development", "Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments", "Institutions" and "Financial and Budgetary Provisions" titles because they are directly related to membership in France has been blocked on appeal.

* 2008
During the Slovenian Presidency in the first half of 2008, "Company Law" and "Intellectual Property Law" was opened for negotiation topics.

During the French Presidency in the second half of the year, "Information Society and Media" and "Free movement of capital" was opened for negotiation topics.

* 2009
Czech Republic presidency, "Taxation" section was opened for negotiation.

During the Swedish Presidency in the second half of the year, "Environment" section was opened for negotiation.

* 2010

Spanish presidency in the first half of the year, "Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Health" heading was opened for negotiation.


Perspectives for the coming period:

Expected to open in the next short period of negotiations as a priority headings "Public Procurement", "Social Policy and Employment", "Competition Policy" and "Other Issues" is. The remaining titles in order to open a portion of the opening criteria are met, the political reason of barriers to discussion of topics in the political path must be removed or blocked. At first, "Agriculture and Rural Development", including the removal of some of the topics open in both technical and political barriers to the fulfillment of the criteria depends on the opening.

Internal Dimension

Meaning in terms of compliance with The European Union (EU), Turkey is to achieve better living conditions. The EU accession process, justice, education, health, environment, investment environment, foreign trade, competition and a wide range such as this, requires that the reforms necessary for Turkey. That is completely in line with Turkey's national interests, including developments in process. National extraction, this process is not only economically, politically and socially in the form of a reform process to define and carry out a parallel process of a successful negotiation. Stability provided by the The European Union (EU) accession process in terms of opening the way for foreign investments in the economy, taking into account the apparent target, a high growth rate and a short time to stabilize the purchasing power parity, which corresponds to half the The European Union (EU) average of at least one must capture the level of national income per capita.

Under this perspective, Turkey, 1999 at the Helsinki Summit in December, after having obtained the status of The European Union (EU) candidate countries political and economic reform process entered an irreversible path and has achieved significant gains. Governments that are on duty throughout the process, albeit at a variable life have undergone such reforms. With the start of accession negotiations in 2005, the most serious stage of the accession process has been entered.

Turkey within the framework of the The European Union (EU)'s budgetary and institutional arrangements appear to be the most reasonable date in 2014, wants to become a member, are required to complete negotiations by 2012. In the country for the years 2011 and 2012 parliamentary and presidential elections to be taken into account if the future of the legal and administrative compliance with the equivalent period of work ahead of us thought for the less time you will need to consider when we left. Which is currently not open for negotiation and discussion, and especially difficult if we take into account long-pass timing problem topics will be revealed to serious thought.

Discussion of these topics in relation to ongoing and is expected to start discussing the arrangements stipulated in the National Programme will be applied. However, the legal regulations of the National Programme, the realization rate is extremely low.

External Dimension

On the other hand, the central countries of Europe member states to the The European Union (EU) enlargement and the transfer of powers to Brussels in the range of politicians in power against the other candidate countries, Turkey's new challenges that have not reached the agenda be removed.

The European Union (EU) currently is in evolution. Within The European Union (EU), global vision is of a political perspective, or withdrawn, the "old Europe" mentality is not certain to rise dominant. EU, today, global economic competitiveness, trying to overcome the problems of the areas of institutional reform and political integration, on the other hand, keep step with globalization, and also to delay Turkey's membership process in some member states, led a group working to slow down the observed change in The European Union (EU). Turkey  towards a better democracy, more competitive economy and a strong community with a demographic structure as the strong, the EU should follow closely the evolution. We're ready for membership, The European Union (EU) must be ready.

The European Union (EU)'s agenda and to contribute to discussions on the future of the multilateral strategic, close to the EU Institutions to Cooperate on the idea, and in this way become a party contributing to The European Union (EU) agenda is important. Politics, the fundamental solution of the problems and the most important driving force in this direction that the economic growth and global competitiveness policies and focus on Strategies to produce a solution.

Turkish Agricultural Economics

Turkish Agricultural Economics written by Anıl Sural in Italy, Trieste for Agricultural Eonomics Class.
Review for Proffessor Cosmina who is member of University of Trieste.

Today, nearly 1/3  rd of the population live in agricultural or rural areas. Agriculture’s place in the national income is only at the 8 – 10 % percent level.  In developed countries this situation is much more different, the population’s 3 – 5 %  percent part works in agriculture. During the process of The European Union membership, agriculture and industry’s political policies need to be applied in harmony and in Turkey, agriculture’s problems can be solved with only excessive accumulation and investment. The disintegration seen in the agricultural sector, causes unqualified labor force to head towards cities and especially western cities and this process accelerates social problems as well as the unemployment rate.  

Agriculture is one of the basic sectors Turkish economy. Although the contribution of exports in terms  added value and employment. The labor force and provides are living for the population of our country occupies an important position in terms of volume. Agricultural policies implemented in Turkey, it has been widely discussed over the past decade. "Economic denounces the traditional agricultural policies and political events that are open to abuse is no longer lost" jurisdiction, creating a common denominator of the discussions, recommendations for new policies are different.

Agricultural policies, it creates one of the most important constraints that appear in front of policy makers in the public finance deficit. On the other hand, and largely dominated by political concerns of the 1990s turned into duty losses of agricultural support programs fostering public financing deficits.
However, without financial constraints, a common and continuous government support to the agricultural sector of the market mechanism insensitive, competitive conditions and prevent the formation of agricultural holdings should be noted that an effective and powerful. Outward-oriented growth strategy since the early 1980s in Turkey, creating the international policies and developments in agricultural policies can not be considered to remain indifferent. In a world that has the economic globalization process, these developments, as required to be reckoned with at every stage becomes a constraint.

Related to the agricultural sector as the most important development in recent years in the world, which comes into effect in 1995. The World Trade Organization (WTO) "Agriculture Agreement" . This agreement is also important for Turkey, agricultural policies and support for government intervention in agricultural production are minimized as possible and has adopted as a general trend of change in the release of the orientation of the market mechanism. On the other hand, the European Union (EU) implemented in 1996 within the framework of full membership in the Customs Union (GB) Agreement to cover agricultural products, the Turkish agricultural policies, "the Common Agricultural Policy" (CAP) is consistent with. CAP’s compliance, in fact, the WTO, "Agriculture Agreement" with the policy changes to raise the same direction. These two constraints in most developing countries like Turkey, which appeared outside the external constraint in the other, establishing a framework for agricultural liberalization in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the structural adjustment programs signed.


Economic size of agricultural production in Turkey

4 million to 18 million hectares of farm land is in crop production. This is the number of farms in three million to 12 million hectares of meadows and pasture at the same time 15 million cattle, 60 million small ruminants feeds. 92 percent of the producers are very small producers, they have an average total of 65 acres of agricultural land in parts 2-6. Small businesses all over the classical method and yield of 14 million hectares of land has low agricultural operations.

The number of medium-sized agricultural holdings is 680 thousand units, the sum of their average 500-100 acres of agricultural land in parts 2-3 / acre varies. 2.1 million hectares, is operated on the part of modern agriculture.  Up to 40 thousand is a large number of holdings of 2.2 million hectares of land is on the efficient management of a farm.
U.S. and EU agricultural producers of the country, 2.5 times the size of the land to produce agricultural products, animal feeds, and Turkey to more than twice the presence of animals.

Exports of Turkish Agricultural Products

Mainly exported to Turkey markets, the appropriate species / breeds does not make production. Countries' agricultural export markets, the basic measure of a leader "by producing more than 20 percent of the population need to export the product that they caught the target.
Measure of exports  agricultural products produced in the standard one-fifth of the quantity and quality is protected.
2 percent of the cereal crop is exported to Turkey. Market instead of being prescriptive, law-abiding country. Average of 50 countries that export fruit and vegetables in 60 countries, the focal point of the problem for Turkey, product quality and less quantity ratio.

Use of the soils in Turkey according to the intended use of the territory of our country is divided as follows:

Cultivated land is planted area: 174,480,000 acres
Fallow land: 36,551,000 acres
Forestry: 192,376,000 acres
Bearing: 113,403,000 acres
Grassland: an unused area of ​​123,776,000 acres: 662,195,000 acres.

Surface area of ​​cultivated land by Region Plantation area Rates:

1. Marmara Region: 30%
2. Central Anatolia Region: 27%
3. Aegean Region: 24%
4. South Eastern Anatolia Region: 20%
5. Mediterranean Region: 18%
6. Black Sea Region: 16%
7. Eastern Anatolia Region: 10%


Overview of Agriculture Sector in Turkey

Turkey, its geographical location, climate, facilities, mostly young, on the 70 million population, increasing purchasing power and expanding domestic market due to a very advantageous position compared to many countries.

Local Benefits

- Geographically, the most suitable climate, a country with enough natural resources.
- Increasing population and buying power with the capacity to support the agricultural sector.

Foreign Market Advantage

- European countries are having problems of climate.
- Middle East and North Africa, climate and available water problem.
- Russia and the Turkic Republics in agriculture due to climate problems are just in need of foreign purchase.
- Increasing the purchasing power of oil every day throughout this country have.
- Especially in the emerging manufacturing technologies and the advantages of the climate of our country in many agricultural products year-round to produce the specific standards and has the potential to marketing these products.


Advantages of the product

- Overseas demand for economic production of many products that can be done in our country.
- Turkey is located in the world in the production of agricultural products grown a lot.

Impact of Economy  Agriculture in Turkey

Agricultural exports surpassed U.S. $ 15 billion at the end of 2010, but there is still a very big potential.

- The population is 1 / 3 of the third agricultural activities provide livelihood.
- One out of every 4 Employees working in agriculture.
- Agricultural production has exceeded the annual 62 billion dollars.
- The majority of uses of agricultural materials as raw materials in industrial plants in Turkey. This situation is of great importance in the development of the industry.
- Agricultural exports in total exports with 15 billion dollars has a significant share of 13.2%. Exports, nuts, citrus, cotton, tobacco, oil crops, olive and agricultural products like tea occupies an important place.


The future of agriculture in Turkey

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, agricultural production, $ 150 billion in 2023, provides for exports would be 30 billion dollars.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs last 5 years, significant amounts of agricultural production increased, the agricultural production in 2002 of $ 23.7 billion by the year 2010 reached $ 62 billion announced. The Ministry is managing the development process on behalf of the plan concentrates on the control and recording systems. Easy integration of these systems are common uses of the technology production sectors. In other words, instead of the traditional methods of agricultural production, focuses on high-capacity models of agricultural production.

In these circumstances, and under cover of Dairy Cattle farming practices that will gain importance in the adaptation capability in the future. Both domestic production and exports of both agricultural activity will be a major force in increasing our share.

All of these applications and the development process will be an important criterion business size. Because of the high cost of these investments will bring. Capital structure of the available capacity of non-small businesses that are inevitable in the long term, non-system will inevitably fail to fulfill the conditions. As a result, agricultural, educated, informed, investors who take care of the economies of scale will be needed.

Target 2023 to 150 billion US Dollar of agricultural production!

- Quality standards will be important in agriculture and food security. For this reason, the capacity and quality will increase the number of businesses declined.
- Products able to compete in foreign markets will increase with the planned arrangements. Will be important, especially fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Organized livestock zones will be established.
- Contract production and organic agriculture will come to the fore.
- Research & Development ( R & D ) investments will increase its support of the State.
- The majority of investors in high-tech agricultural activities will be managed.

Turkish Airlines Shall Buy the Czech Airlines

Turkish Airlines are one of the most important corporation from Turkey. And last years their target is upper degree and for this they spend so many effort. Advertisements have started all over the world and they use very famous person. Otherwise customer satisfaction is going to be more quality because they want customer all over the world. And they are doing their job very well and in 5 years Turkish Airlines will be very famous and preferable.

Since 2008, many airline companies to find partners for its own name for the Turkish Airlines, Czech Airlines is interested in has been suggested. Airport in Prague, Czech media reported that THY will help to make Europe a center with an investor who is interested in Czech Arlines.

Emirates Also Want

The report, except for Etihad Airlines, Qatar Airways and Emirates also stated that the company is interested, the deal can be done in the second half of the year were recorded. Over the news yesterday, the Public Disclosure Platform (PDP) makes a statement, TK, "Czech Airlines is currently taken in the direction of the partnership but not a board decision, as explained earlier within the framework of our partnership growth strategy, to seize the opportunities that may occur is open to the public "I look exactly the door showed that it is not closed. With a fleet of 31 aircraft serving Europe, founded in 1923, Czech Airlines, which is one of the oldest airline companies in 48 countries, 135 flies to the point. Prague, the Czech national airline company based in Istanbul-Prague flights is mutual.

Other Airline Company Want Turkish Airlines

The purchase of a single foreign company at the end of 2008, who bought the shares of 49 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina Airlines THY until now commemorated with many airline company name. In 2008, the Austrian airline company's supervisory board of Austrian Airlines THY, including among them the evaluation of a list of four possible from the receiver.
Founded in 1929, LOT Polish Airlines, Poland's leading airline companies, wants to buy a transtibial amputation. In 2010, the company also based in Spain with Span Air to purchase up to 49 percent where the written interviews. Last Year, Turkish Airlines have started contact for Serbia' national airline.

3rd Airport of Istanbul will have 100 milllion passengers

State Airports Authority (State Airports Authority), the General Manager Orhan Birdal, in Turkey the number of passengers increased by 14.4 per cent in 2011 over the previous year to 118 million 425 thousand, increased by specifying the''total passenger traffic down to shield the first Ataturk Airport, from Antalya Airport, Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen International Airport was the third,''he said Birdal, State Airports Authority Social Facilities at a press conference chat, 2011 the year of 2012 by evaluating the given information about the investment plans. State Airports Authority General Manager Orhan Birdal, Istanbul, 3 Turkey is a subject on the agenda of the airport and not done a posting about it directly, but the preparations made ​​by various organizations reported that the front. Birdal, "3rd Istanbul airport will be the beginning of a new airport with a capacity of 100 million. Plan in size, 100 million will begin to grow up to fit into a structure that will allow. Work is being done about it," he said.

Banking Sector in Turkey

The process of globalization started in the 1980s, in the entire world financial system at a global level in order to ensure the soundness and stability of the international financial system and the setting of standards for the preparation of joint studies that will form the building blocks.

Turkey is closely monitoring these developments and the Turkish financial sector. Turkey, particularly since the mid-1980s, including bond and stock markets, financial institutions, to create the basic form rates began in the 1990s to a large extent the financial infrastructure has been trying to harmonize with international standards. However, during the 1990 years of short-term external source oriented fiscal and monetary policies that ensure the financial system has been done to a great extent. Stable macroeconomic environment of the banking sector after the 2001 crisis also engaged in efforts to fix the financial structure of the contribution. International the need for compliance with standards and best practices have emerged as the most important component of this effort.

International regulations and practices to adapt to the fore under the title of the elements, control and surveillance authorities to strengthen the capacities of autonomy and the work of these institutions, the completion of the institutionalization process, establish an understanding of risk-oriented supervision and risk management systems, introduction of internationally accepted standards, regulations of local financial institutions to international competition an unfair advantage / disadvantage pose to reduce intermediation costs in combating terrorist financing and criminal proceeds and the creation of an effective system.

Macroeconomic stability in our country in the last years of suffering until the financial system, macroeconomic instability of the priority problems were. However, after the crises of 2000 and 2001 as a result of the economic programs that support it obtained from the relative macroeconomic stability and EU perspective on the Turkish financial system contributed to the new issues on the agenda.

The financial services industry; deposit banks, development and investment banks, participation banks, capital markets, insurance, leasing, factoring and consumer financing, and private pension system that covers a large number of sector.

Ensuring macroeconomic stability and the positive effects of restructuring since 2002, began to have an effect. Implicit inflation targeting policy of free exchange and ensured financial stability in prices, the Central Bank's independence and focus on combating inflation, tight fiscal policy and the achievement of high primary surplus targets on a regular basis a positive effect on economic agents' expectations and macro balances. Increasing the impact of favorable conditions in the worldwide economic stability, a positive impact on the banking sector and the sector has been an important opportunity to improve the financial structure.

Moreover, the convergence of international standards, legislation regulating the sector, enabling the control and surveillance activities and the agreements with the International Monetary Fund, created to keep the original goals of this process and supported the integration of financial markets contributed to the development of the sector abroad.

The basic elements of the process of restructuring the banking sector following the 2001 crisis with the Treasury as the swap, recapitalization process, voluntary mergers, some banks seized by public authority and / or closure, and elimination of public banks' duty losses, known as the Istanbul Approach include the Financial Restructuring Program.

History of Turkey's European Union Membership Process

* 1959
Turkey , at July of 31st, 1959 to European Economic Community (EEC) filed for a partnership.

* 1963
Perspective of full membership in the Customs Union and the European Economic Community, the Ankara Agreement (Partnership Agreement) and I. Financial Protocol was signed.

* 1970
Additional Protocol(Annexed protocol) and II. Financial Protocol signed in Brussels.

* 1973
Explaining how to set up the Customs Union’s ‘’ Additional Protocol ‘’ entered into force.

* 1980
Following the September 12nd military coup stop relations between Turkey and the European Economic Community (EEC).

* 1987
Turkey, on April 14, has made application for full membership of the European Economic Community (EEC).

* 1996
Between Turkey and the The European Union (EU) "Customs Union" came into force as of January 1st.

* 1997
Grant candidate status to Turkey at the Luxembourg summit of The European Union (EU) leaders in December. Political relations were stopped by Turkey.

* 1998
The European Commission published a progress first report on Turkey.

* 1999
Council of Europe, the Helsinki Summit in December, gave the status of candidate country for EU membership to Turkey.

* 2001
European Council on March of 8th that the road map for Turkey's The European Union (EU) accession process The European Union (EU) - Turkey Accession Partnership Document was adopted.

* 2004
On December 17th of the Council of the European Union, took the decision to start membership negotiations with Turkey.

* 2005
On October 3rd , Turkey's The European Union (EU) accession negotiations  and Screening Process began officially. Negotiation Framework Document was adopted.

* 2006
The European Union (EU)  have blocked Turkey talks with 8 titles. Because Turkey didn't  implement Customs Union  to new member Cyprus.

* 2007
Referendum on the constitutional obligation to provide input on the for new The European Union (EU) members. And France, who has made the five - tuple associated with full membership negotiation was blocked.

* 2010
From June 2010, Turkey has 35 title and 13 of them have started negotiations and 1 of them are temporarily stopped.


Negotiation Process


* 2005
The first phase of the negotiation process started on 3 October 2005 be referred to as the screening process, on 20 October 2005 "Science and Research" chapter of started, 11-13 October 2006, "Judiciary and Fundamental Rights" chapter in the bilateral screening meeting has ended.

* 2006
During the screening process as a continuation of the Austrian EU Presidency on 12 June 2006 "Science and Research" chapter of negotiations have been opened and provisionally closed the same day.

In December 2006 the EU by 8 topics ("Free Movement of Goods", "Right of establishment and freedom to provide services", "Agriculture and Rural Development", "Customs Union", "Foreign Affairs", "fishing", "Financial Services", "Transportation ") of their obligations under the Customs Union has been suspended due to failure to follow against South Cyprus. The other decision that the European Council in December 2006 that Turkey open its ports and airports in South Cyprus, the issue of a temporary shutdown criterion is that all the titles.

* 2007
During the first half of the Germany presidency of the Year "Enterprise and Industrial Policy" and "Statistics" and "Financial Control" opened negotiations with headings.

During the Portuguese presidency in the second half of 2007 "Trans-European Networks", "Consumer and Health Protection" was opened for negotiation topics.

Within this year, "Economic and Monetary Policy", "Agriculture and Rural Development", "Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments", "Institutions" and "Financial and Budgetary Provisions" titles because they are directly related to membership in France has been blocked on appeal.

* 2008
During the Slovenian Presidency in the first half of 2008, "Company Law" and "Intellectual Property Law" was opened for negotiation topics.

During the French Presidency in the second half of the year, "Information Society and Media" and "Free movement of capital" was opened for negotiation topics.

* 2009
Czech Republic presidency, "Taxation" section was opened for negotiation.

During the Swedish Presidency in the second half of the year, "Environment" section was opened for negotiation.

* 2010

Spanish presidency in the first half of the year, "Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Health" heading was opened for negotiation.


Perspectives for the coming period:

Expected to open in the next short period of negotiations as a priority headings "Public Procurement", "Social Policy and Employment", "Competition Policy" and "Other Issues" is. The remaining titles in order to open a portion of the opening criteria are met, the political reason of barriers to discussion of topics in the political path must be removed or blocked. At first, "Agriculture and Rural Development", including the removal of some of the topics open in both technical and political barriers to the fulfillment of the criteria depends on the opening.

Internal Dimension

Meaning in terms of compliance with The European Union (EU), Turkey is to achieve better living conditions. The EU accession process, justice, education, health, environment, investment environment, foreign trade, competition and a wide range such as this, requires that the reforms necessary for Turkey. That is completely in line with Turkey's national interests, including developments in process. National extraction, this process is not only economically, politically and socially in the form of a reform process to define and carry out a parallel process of a successful negotiation. Stability provided by the The European Union (EU) accession process in terms of opening the way for foreign investments in the economy, taking into account the apparent target, a high growth rate and a short time to stabilize the purchasing power parity, which corresponds to half the The European Union (EU) average of at least one must capture the level of national income per capita.

Under this perspective, Turkey, 1999 at the Helsinki Summit in December, after having obtained the status of The European Union (EU) candidate countries political and economic reform process entered an irreversible path and has achieved significant gains. Governments that are on duty throughout the process, albeit at a variable life have undergone such reforms. With the start of accession negotiations in 2005, the most serious stage of the accession process has been entered.

Turkey within the framework of the The European Union (EU)'s budgetary and institutional arrangements appear to be the most reasonable date in 2014, wants to become a member, are required to complete negotiations by 2012. In the country for the years 2011 and 2012 parliamentary and presidential elections to be taken into account if the future of the legal and administrative compliance with the equivalent period of work ahead of us thought for the less time you will need to consider when we left. Which is currently not open for negotiation and discussion, and especially difficult if we take into account long-pass timing problem topics will be revealed to serious thought.

Discussion of these topics in relation to ongoing and is expected to start discussing the arrangements stipulated in the National Programme will be applied. However, the legal regulations of the National Programme, the realization rate is extremely low.

External Dimension

On the other hand, the central countries of Europe member states to the The European Union (EU) enlargement and the transfer of powers to Brussels in the range of politicians in power against the other candidate countries, Turkey's new challenges that have not reached the agenda be removed.

The European Union (EU) currently is in evolution. Within The European Union (EU), global vision is of a political perspective, or withdrawn, the "old Europe" mentality is not certain to rise dominant. EU, today, global economic competitiveness, trying to overcome the problems of the areas of institutional reform and political integration, on the other hand, keep step with globalization, and also to delay Turkey's membership process in some member states, led a group working to slow down the observed change in The European Union (EU). Turkey  towards a better democracy, more competitive economy and a strong community with a demographic structure as the strong, The European Union (EU) should follow closely the evolution. We're ready for membership, The European Union (EU) must be ready.

The European Union (EU)'s agenda and to contribute to discussions on the future of the multilateral strategic, close to the EU Institutions to Cooperate on the idea, and in this way become a party contributing to The European Union (EU) agenda is important. Politics, the fundamental solution of the problems and the most important driving force in this direction that the economic growth and global competitiveness policies and focus on Strategies to produce a solution.

How have succeeded in China?

China is perceived as a threat for many years, now that everyone is striving to become more active in a market. Emerged in recent years, and almost 'consumer craze' points of view can only be described developments in China is changing radically. Because of this aspect of China, the rich and the annual 100 million dollars of imports in China, with 1.5 trillion, which is now known threats, but the opportunities offered.

Growing economy and with a population over 1 billion each year in China, now a land of opportunity for everyone. This is why hundreds of thousands around the world, the company is establishing factories to increase international competitiveness, making joint investments. Today one-third of production in China, 50 percent of exports carried out by companies with a foreign partner.

Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade has put into practice as of the beginning of 2005 as a result of the Asia-Pacific Strategy of Turkey there was a considerable improvement in relations with China. But while the huge opportunities in this country is still very low, the share of Turkish companies.

However, from fashion to food is ready, in almost every area of construction materials to construction services offered by Turkish companies in China have very important opportunities.

Why China?

China, 1.5 trillion dollars, importing, offering opportunities to entrepreneurs and companies is a great country. First of all, the evolving middle class in China and 100 million cut in the consumption engine is rich. Last 10 years, the average national income per capital increased by 11 percent. Are freed from the same period, 200 million Chinese out of poverty. Middle-class population is estimated to 500 million by 2010. There are over 100 cities in the country's population over 1 million and 530 million people live in these cities. Estimates of 1 billion people in cities in 2030 shows that fits.

Quickly turned into a consumer society in China is experiencing a great brand craze. Totally not buying almost anything in the uppernincome group. These consumers, particularly in the Shanghai and Shenzhen to Beijing, Guanzhou and live in cities of Tianjin. Per capita national income is equal to South Korea in Shanghai.

Today all the world-famous brands in Shanghai hundreds of stores in the mall can be seen together. Such as Louis Vuitton and Moet-Chandon wines that owns LVMH luxury goods, China is performing 20 percent of global turnover. In fact, just enough to reveal the potential in this instance.

Country very dynamic

China's economy, in the first half of this year grew 9.6 percent over the same period last year. National income per capita in China in the first half of this year of 7.6 percent in urban areas, in rural areas increased 13.7 percent. Growth figures showing a performance the envy of everyone in China different from other economies.

National Development and Reform Commission on Strategic Development Plan 2030-2050 in the whole country as a destination in Spain was announced creation of a similar quality of life.
On the other hand, eating habits are also deeply affects all of China's growing economy. January-May period of 2011, retail sales increased by 16.6 percent over the same month the previous year's record reached 1 trillion U.S. dollars. In 2010, vehicle sales across the country increased by 32 percent over the previous year was 18 million. China's rapidly growing Internet population reached 450 million at the end of 2010. Thus, 33 percent of China's population uses the internet has become.


High rate of import

Of course, all this change, China is an importer in a great location puts a hand. China's imports increased by 38.7 per cent in 2010reached 1.4 trillion U.S. dollars. This year, a growth of 28 percent in May, while imports amounted to 144 billion dollars. January-May period of 2011, total exports of $ 712 billion, while total imports were $ 689 billion.

When we look at relations with China, Turkey, China and the Far East's biggest trading partner, as well as the most import we can see that the third market. Less than $ 1 billion in 1999, the trade volume reached $ 20 billion in 2010. Of course, this figure is a very important part of the imports. Exports in 2010 were $ 2.2 billion, 17.2 billion dollars in imports. Our exports to China in January-August period this year amounted to 1.6 billion million dollars.

Today, everyone agrees, China and Turkey to narrow the foreign trade deficit never down any time. But within a few years in China, exports of opportunities as possible to bring the level of 5 billion dollars.

What you can sell?

The population of 1 billion 300 million and 1 billion within the next 15 years will exceed the estimated 500 million Chinese, for all sectors with a very strong lure of the target market.
So, what you can sell to China? Well, the answer is "Almost everything" can be. But here, the critical point, the Turkish companies selling cheaper than any product in China could never be aware of the possible. So they must be of Turkish entrepreneurs need to turn to branded products that appeal to high-income group. If you are not necessarily in the middle, or low-cost product to market, reduce costs need to shift production to China is a part.

One of the keys to success in the Chinese market in the Turkish businessmen are still important to learn to think like Chinese. In the Western way of thinking and way of doing business in China is not valid. The Chinese daily life and to know the expectation is very vital for success.

The Chinese are very important to be honest and patient. Jobs in China, most of the time, even for slow moving and a business link with a simple 3 to 5 times to discuss the need to know  In short, the Chinese market is impossible to manage remotely. China always keep the staff, you have to act according to China's conditions. If the destination of the future have to take part in Chinese history, today you get the job done and the stories of the lessons of Turkish companies have been successful. Even in this market today is able to be there because they had seized more Turkish companies have market leadership.